The Business Environment essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Business Environment - Essay Example Legislative authority is restored in the chambers of congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Judiciary which includes the Supreme Court and the federal courts is vested with the judicial power. Their job includes interpreting the constitution of the US and federal laws and regulations. This comprises of settling disputes between the legislative and the executive branches of the government. The federal government was created by the constitution. The most distinctive feature of the US politics are the Senate powers as the upper house of the legislative branch, large scope of the Supreme Court power and the separation of powers between the executive and the legislature as well as the of two major political parties. The British political system on the other hand takes a different shape. It takes the framework of a constitutional monarchy, where the head of the state is the Monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the nominal source of judicial, executive and the legislative authority in England while the Prime Minister is the government head. The British government is vested with the most executive powers while the legislative power is exercised by both the government and the two parliament chambers which comprises of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There is independency of the judiciary from the other arms of the government despite some judge being members of the House of the Lords, the highest court of the United Kingdom. Britain is a multi party state since the year 1920 with two biggest political parties; the Conservative Party and the Labour party. Mainly the parliamentary politics have been dictated by coalitions and minority governments. The Prime minister is veste d with the powers of appointing the ministers who creates the government and performs as political heads of different government sections. Most of the senior government officials are in

Geoghegan Exits in HSBC Shake-Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Geoghegan Exits in HSBC Shake-Up - Essay Example HSBC has generally been a very conservative bank that strictly follows a management style that is regulated and controlled by insiders, i.e the Board. It may be noted at the outset that all the people who were in contest for the posts of Chairman and CEO, including Mr. Geoghagen were all long time employees of HSBC, London, who had ascended from the bottom ranks and moved into managerial positions. When Mr. Geoghagen stepped down, it has brought to the surface and to the attention of the public, an issue that would generally have been decided within the organization, without any outsiders being involved in it at all. The final decision by the HSBC board to appoint two long time HSBC employees rather than seeking to employ someone from outside the organization has been criticized as being an insular process that could have been improved upon considerably. The problem with the HSBC decision was that it was all regulated within the organization. In general, following such an insular policy may not benefit the organization in the long run. In today’s global economy, it is vital for an organization to be constantly changing and adapting in order to adapt to the changing global business environment. The nature of leadership which is provided is vital in promoting the growth and continuing progress of the organization. Leadership has traditionally been associated with management, but this may not necessarily represent an accurate view because managers think incrementally while leaders think radically. Moreover, leadership involves a transformation in individuals, according to Spencer, â€Å"â€Å"transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms individuals†. (Spencer 1). It must be noted that transformational leadership is best likely to be achieved when fresh new ideas are brought into the organization by using individuals from

Brand architecture and branding analysis

Brand architecture and branding analysis A brand is name, term, sign, symbol or design or a combination, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller and to differentiate them from those of competition American marketing Association 1960. A brand is name, symbol, logo, design or image or any combination of these, which is designed to identify product or service. Kotler et al, 1999 Brand distinguishes a companys product from its competitors and an identified product or service that closely satisfies customers needs and wants. Brand is an asset to a company and reflects the quality of customer service. Branding is all about the customers trust of the product or service and makes the segmentation easier for the company. The difference between a company and its competitors should be communicated by brand, because it makes a company unique. BMW, Toyota, Luis Vuitton, NEXT, Debenhams, Nike and Coca Cola are the well-known brands that command price premium and stimulate deep customers loyalty. Branding Branding is the collection of actual and emotional characteristics associated with a particular identified product or service that differentiates it from the rest of marketplace Hand-out notes by tutor Anthony smith Branding is an important aspect of marketing to build a strong image of a company. Mercedes Benz is an automobile brand that commands a premium with their engineering, performance, quality, customer service and after sales service. Toyota shares all these characteristics but still they were not positioned as premium in the customers mind. Toyota then created Lexus as a premium brand with the collaboration of both Toyota and Lexus shared engineering, design elements and customer service. How-to-branding.com Brand Architecture Brand architecture refers to the hierarchy of brands within a single company. It is the interrelationship of the parent company, subsidiary companies, products, and services, and should mirror the marketing strategy. Kompanigroup.com How an organization structures various products, services or other entities within its portfolio and how they relate to one another. Brandinstitue.com In the growing economy we can see different companies merging with each other and form the strategy for each of the targeted group in which every product can carry its own brand name. Good and clear brand architecture leads a company towards brand positioning and also helps to get sustainable competitive advantage. There are three different types of brand architecture strategies. Corporate/Monolithic Branding Strategy In this strategy company takes on a unified brand for all product categories and targeted market. This strategy creates simplicity, and cost deficiencies can be achieved as opposed to multi-branding architecture, in which a corporate brand plays a smaller role. Microsoft, Intel, Disney, CNN, SONY, Nike, Virgin and coca cola etc. are the best examples of corporate branding. Corporate banding makes the advertising easier for the company as they just advertise their name and slogan. . Coca cola is recognizable in every continent of the world through its red curved bottle and logo. SONY is a corporate brand as its name is attached to everything, from its DVDs to play station. The founder of SONY, Akio Morita, once said: I have always believed that the company name is the life of an enterprise. It carries responsibility and guarantees the quality of the product. Therefore corporate strategy leads a company to sustainable financial outcomes. Brandingstrategyinsider.com . Adhistry.wikispaces.com Google.co.uk Multi/Individual Branding Strategy Multi Brand Strategy refers to a marketing strategy under which two or more than two similar products of a firm are marketed under different brand names. Finance.mapsofworld.com It is very difficult for a brand to position itself in a diversified environment where the customers needs and wants are different. Therefore, company can fill different market segments through diversifying its product range. VW, PG, Unilever and Diageo are the best examples of multi branding. PG is the prime example, having a multiple shampoo brand to influence different customers, like head shoulder for dandruff, Pentene for healthy hear and Sassoon for professional saloon experience. Through multi branding a company can target more than one segment in the market and fill the price gaps. Multi branding is a good strategy but sometime it fails because of the poor management. Due to failure it could harm the family brand name. VW took many years to change the negative brand image of Skoda from the customers mind. Helen Meek. et al, 2001 Google.co.uk Endorsed Branding A brand that carries the endorsement of a source brand (the parent company). Brandbuild.eu Endorsements add integrity and assurance of the indorsed sub brand in customers mind without overpowering it with its own association. Endorsed branding is suitable for the company, using varied product portfolio, e.g. Nestle, Cadbury, Unilever etc. Nestle written on the Kit Kat, Cadbury written on Dairy Milk to provide credibility and assurance to the product. Some companies give independence to the endorsed brands like Unilever give freedom to the Heartbrands such as Feast, Magnum and Cornetto and they have their own marketing campaigns and target market. Some companies has firm relationship between company name and product, e.g. Ford does it with the model Mustang, people using either the brand name Mustang or the full name Ford Mustang. Google.co.uk Brand Elements Brand elements are those trademarkable devices that identify and differentiate the brands. There are certain elements of a brand, like names, logos, symbol, characters, slogans, design, features etc. some important elements are mentioned below. Kotler et al, 1996 Brand Name Name is the most significant element of the brand. This is the only part of the brand which should never be changed. It help customers to identify distinguish product from competitors. It is not necessary the brand name is associated with the company and can be different. But if the brand name is linked with the quality of the product either high or low, then all good must be of the same standard. MS is the prime example of providing quality products through St Michael Brand as one can see its tag on the cloths and food and household goods as well. Brand Image Brand image is fundamental way through which a customer recognises and believes a brand. It gives a company an identity and creates a better image in the mind of the customers. Brand image is unique that clearly reflects the image of the organisation and different from the competitors. To build a right image in the customers mind, the company must have to focus on brand identity. Brand Personality Brand personality is the goodwill of the brand. It is associated with the benefits and attributes of the brand. Brand personality is unique and long lasting; it is the emotional attachment of the consumers with the product, e.g. Sony and Panasonic, both are the giants of electronic sector, although both got same features, some peoples prefer one of the other because of their trust on the product by long time. Brand Association Brand association is the relative strength of consumers positive feelings towards the brand Lasser et al, 1995 Associations, according to Aaker (1991) represent the bases for purchase decisions and for brand loyalty. The way consumers perceive brand is a key determinant of long-term business-consumer relationships. Hence, building strong brand perceptions is a top priority for many firms today. Morris, 1996 It is the perception of the customers towards a brand attributes and quality. Brands can be associated with the name, colours, symbols, attitudes, expressions and sound etc. Mercedes Benz is associated with the luxury drive and excellent engineering, Nike with its Slogan, Nokia with its sound, and Coca Cola with its red colour, Colgate toothpaste with cavity protection and Microsoft with Bill Gates. Renault has launched a successful campaign for its model Clio and used the famous French footballer Thierry Henry and Sesame Steet in the Va Va Voom advertisement. This campaign resulting attract more male customers than females. This is how celebritys association to the brand benefits organisation. Kotler et al, 1996 Brand association gives the basis of buying and brand loyalty to the customers. Companies always try to associate their brands with the positive things to create good image of the product in the mind of customers. Brand association developed if the product is desirable, durable and satisfies the customers needs. Positive customers perception about the product makes a brand stronger. It is formed on the basis of Product attributes, Advertisement, Relevant price, Quality, Celebrity and big entity association, Competition and Display points. Brand positioning Positioning is the place in consumers mind that you want you brand to own. For example, Hallmark caring shared, and Disney Family Fun entertainment. Positioning is not what you do to a product; positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. Ries and Trout, 1981 Brand positioning is successfully built through continuous communication with the customers about the product to its targeted market, through advertisement, brand name and its packing. Brand positioning refers to the position in the customers mind, it does not relate to market position. Brand positioning is associated with the market segmentation. The right market segment is to be targeted for the brand positioning. Brand positioning is all about a customers perception about the product. There are certain ways for a brand to be positioned, e.g. offering specific benefits, targeting a specific segment, pricing and distribution. Brand positioning is an important concept in which a company can decide where it wants to position its brand in its field relative to competition. Brand positioning is a thinking that guides a company to build a relationship between the brand and customers. Brand positioning gives space in the customers mind, so the company become in the better position to control over its own brand image. Price and quality are the most common attributes are considered in the brand positioning. To get a good position in the customers mind the company introduce brand of a good quality with on competitive price. The quality of the product must be at least equivalent or better from the competitors. Quality perception is the most powerful element of the brand positioning. Once a company is successful in building a powerful perception of quality will result in building a powerful brand. Psychological element is dominant to some extent in building a quality perception as some peoples psyche is that the product with high price tag is of good quality. Communicating brands through their specific features is another way to position brands, e.g. Clinic all clear, Dare to wear Black or Pakistan and India surf excel is advertised as stain remover, Surf Excel hena. Culture is another strong aspect to the brand positioning. Different companies use cultural symbols to differentiate products from their competitors. Examples including, Air India advertise through Maharaja, Tata tea, Hamara Bajaj etc. Treedeuce.com Brand Extension Brand extension is a marketing strategy in which a firm that markets a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name but in a different product category. Brandexpress.net When a firm uses its brand in another product form, or even within another product class, then the firm is stretching the brand (also referred to as brand extension). Iain Ellwood Virgin is the good example of brand extension as they sell everything from records to airline travel, to cola drinks to wedding parties from clothing to cosmetic and computers. This is successful in brand extension because it has the ability to connect the customer directly and give them values. Many firms attempt to extend their brands but all the brand extensions are not suitable or desirable. An extended brand always works best in a top to down direction. It is always easy for a company to bring brand extension from relatively cheaper product line. Ralph Lauren and Gucci are the best example. Ralph Lauren extended from luxury clothing to jeans and bed linen while Gucci brand is extended from luxury clothes to oven gloves, cooking aprons and dog toys. An extended brand has a low introductory cost because the customers, traders and retailer are well aware of the product. Brand extension brings options to the customers through variety of products. If the product is of lower quality, will result in damaging in overall brand value. Iain Ellwood Caterpillar is one of the biggest non-sporting footwear companies in the world with its brand CAT. This is basically a construction and mining equipment manufacturing company that extended their brand in this potential segment. It was perceived that it is the biggest mistake of the caterpillar but the extension was a big success. Sometimes the brand extension, implemented incorrectly due to less understanding. LEGO is a Danish toy manufacturing company, decided to extend its brand and launched its own product line of cloths, watches and video games but it was ignored by its target market, that result half of its employee are redundant back in 2004. Kotler et al, 2001 Michelin and Goodyear are the French companies, famous for making rubber tyres and having a number of brand extensions. Michelin brand extensions are car and cycle related product, footwear and clothing, sports and leisure and personal accessories. On the other hand Goodyear becomes the partner of the Adidas to make a series of driving shoes. Kotler et al 2001 We can see normally financial services providers have not attempted to extend their brands, and only concern with their original market. On the other hand, there are too many non-financial service providers extended directly to the financial services. E.g. Tesco extended its market to Tesco banking and Tesco insurance. Benefits of branding To customers People buy brands, because they are well aware of the quality of the product and save time and efforts. Buying a branded product can give customers a peace of mind and credibility. Most of the branded products have warranty policies, which gives customers assurance of a quality product. Some big companies having product replacing policies, e.g. DeWalt a power tool manufacturing company, replace the product immediately in case of damage. To intermediaries/stakeholders There are certain benefits of branding to different stakeholders, that directly/indirectly effecting the organisation. Multinational organisations always have the strategy for social, environmental and economic issues. Companies contribute to the societies in which they operate. Brands follow government regulations to minimise any adverse effect to the environment. Employees always attract to innovative companies where learning opportunities are always there. Supplying goods directly to retailers, companies distribute goods through agents or distributers. Distributers get long-term agreements from the known brand companies. Retailer can get benefits from overall marketing campaign. Sustainable competitive advantage When two or more firms compete within the same market, one firm possesses a competitive advantage over its rivals when it earns (or has the potential) to earn a persistently higher rate of profit. Grant, 2002 It is very important for every organisation to be successful in long term. Effective corporate branding is certainly the main source of getting sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Worlds famous corporate brands do not sell products, they sell concepts, e.g. Coca Cola does not sell a soft drink, it sells enjoyment and Microsoft does not sells computers, it sells possibility. Brand designers create a corporate brand identity through promotional material and advertising campaign to establish a corporate identity. There are certain brand characteristics that lead a company to get sustainable competitive advantage. A well designed logo and a strong identity system can give a company an edge over its competitors. Brand Identity A unique set of brand associations that the brand strategist aspires to create or maintain. These associations represent what the brand stands for and imply a promise to customers from the organisation members. Aaker, 1996 Brand identity is the way a company aims to identify or position itself or its product or service. Kotler et al, 1999 Brand identity is the first thing that a customer experience and plays a major role in getting a sustainable competitive advantage in the market. Brand attributes are is a bag of features that shows the personality of a brand and these attributes help to create brand identity. Brand identity is supported by emotional and unique elements and values, serve to distinguish the brand in the market, especially for progressively competitive environments, service organisations and recreational sectors. Brand identity creates a distinct identity that is very hard for the competitors to duplicate. The main elements to build a strong brand identity are human resources, organisational culture, organisational structure, stationary, company cards, company dà ©cor, packing, catalogue, market and innovation etc. Kotler et al, 1999 Brand loyalty Brand loyalty is considered as ultimate reward for a brand as it is another factor which leads a company to get a sustainable competitive advantage. Customers always prefer to buy those brands they are loyalty with, even though that is expensive and have close substitutes in the market. Apples iPod is a product to listen mp3/mp4 music, and the big electronic giants like Sony, Panasonic and so many other companies have same product with same features at the relatively low price than Apples iPod. Majority of the customers buy iPod just because they are loyal with the brand. Brand Equity Brand is a symbol of extremely precious part of legal property, that can control consumer behaviour and it also provides the protection of persistent future revenues to the firm. Brand equity is called the amount that is directly or indirectly accrues by these various benefits. Kapferer, 2005; keller, 2003 Companies invest huge amount of money to develop brand equity. Brands with high equity win the space in the market because of the uniqueness, reliable services and continuous and effective relationship with the customers. Stronger brand image takes a company to financial advantage through the brand equity. Brand equity leads a company to charge perineum prices for the product to raise their profit margin.

The Definition of Courage :: Expository Definition Essays

The Definition of Courage      The current dictionary definitions of courage are inadequate because they only include references to physical courage and omit instances of inner strength.   Three contemporary dictionaries agree closely on the definition although they differ in the order of importance. Webster's New World Dictionary describes courage as "an attitude of facing and dealing with anything recognized as dangerous, difficult or painful, instead of withdrawing from it," and The American Heritage Dictionary gives a similar explanation.   While The Shorter Oxford Dictionary concurs with this meaning, it states that the primary definition is "spirit, mind, or disposition."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Courage is not just found in the veteran soldier who can display shiny medals or in the policeman who bravely risks his life for justice as portrayed on television or in films.   Suicide is the antithesis of courage.   It is not an elementary school boy who agrees to fight, but he who can stand up against it.   A six year old girl who ventures out on her bicycle for the first time displays as much courage as a young man who witnesses a murder and volunteers to testify in court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Courage is a state of mind that enables a person to overcome fear, pain, danger, or hardship. Although different from one another, all aspects of courage involve taking risks. One facet, physical courage, entails facing fears of possible bodily harm.   For instance, a twenty year   old man, unable to swim, jumps into a swift current to rescue a six year old who has slipped and fallen.   A young fireman who rushes into a burning building to save a baby and a nineteen-year- old Vietnam soldier who leaves the safety of the trench to preserve the life of a wounded friend have physical courage.   Elizabeth Morgan, who risked a jail term to protect her daughter Hilary from her injurious father, exemplifies courage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form, mental courage, means standing up and not yielding to phobias.   While some fear speaking in front of a large audience, others fear heights.   A teenager who puts down her fear of   flying to visit an ailing, distant grandmother, and a freshman who conquers his fear of public speaking to run for a student council office both exhibit mental courage. The Definition of Courage :: Expository Definition Essays The Definition of Courage      The current dictionary definitions of courage are inadequate because they only include references to physical courage and omit instances of inner strength.   Three contemporary dictionaries agree closely on the definition although they differ in the order of importance. Webster's New World Dictionary describes courage as "an attitude of facing and dealing with anything recognized as dangerous, difficult or painful, instead of withdrawing from it," and The American Heritage Dictionary gives a similar explanation.   While The Shorter Oxford Dictionary concurs with this meaning, it states that the primary definition is "spirit, mind, or disposition."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Courage is not just found in the veteran soldier who can display shiny medals or in the policeman who bravely risks his life for justice as portrayed on television or in films.   Suicide is the antithesis of courage.   It is not an elementary school boy who agrees to fight, but he who can stand up against it.   A six year old girl who ventures out on her bicycle for the first time displays as much courage as a young man who witnesses a murder and volunteers to testify in court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Courage is a state of mind that enables a person to overcome fear, pain, danger, or hardship. Although different from one another, all aspects of courage involve taking risks. One facet, physical courage, entails facing fears of possible bodily harm.   For instance, a twenty year   old man, unable to swim, jumps into a swift current to rescue a six year old who has slipped and fallen.   A young fireman who rushes into a burning building to save a baby and a nineteen-year- old Vietnam soldier who leaves the safety of the trench to preserve the life of a wounded friend have physical courage.   Elizabeth Morgan, who risked a jail term to protect her daughter Hilary from her injurious father, exemplifies courage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another form, mental courage, means standing up and not yielding to phobias.   While some fear speaking in front of a large audience, others fear heights.   A teenager who puts down her fear of   flying to visit an ailing, distant grandmother, and a freshman who conquers his fear of public speaking to run for a student council office both exhibit mental courage.

Iron Deficient Anemia

Iron-Deficient Anemia Millions of Americans today often admit to being regularly fatigued, attributing it to busy schedules and not enough sleep. These factors certainly can cause fatigue, but, fatigue tends to be a more common underlying symptom of a health condition called iron-deficient anemia. In the article, Understanding Anemia, the Basics, WebMD. com describes iron-deficient anemia as a condition that â€Å"occurs because of a lack of the mineral iron in the body. † It further states that â€Å"without adequate iron, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin for the red blood cells. Typical indications of anemia include, fatigue, weakness, irritability, headache, pale skin color, and shortness of breath. A more moderate case of anemia may be comprised of the above symptoms and others, such as, numb hands and feet, cold hands and feet, brittle nails, and trouble concentrating. According to the NAAC, the National Anemia Action Council, â€Å"the less common, yet still n oted, experiences with anemia consist of an irregular heartbeat, a desire to eat peculiar things, sexual dysfunction, and chest pains. † In order to obtain a clear diagnosis of iron-deficient anemia, there are a few steps that need to be taken. Initially, a physical examination by a licensed medical doctor should be performed. This will allow the doctor to determine what symptoms and complications are prevalent. To further conclude a positive result for anemia, the doctor will order blood tests, namely a CBC, (complete blood count), a fecal occult test, and a test to check the vitamin and mineral levels in the blood. Specifically checking for iron, ferritin, and vitamin b12 is essential in determining anemia by blood. Once a positive result of anemia is verified, the doctor can then discuss treatments. Google Health, at google. com states that in milder cases of anemia, the doctor will recommend the patient to â€Å"take iron supplements by mouth† and â€Å"eat iron-rich foods such as egg yolks, fish, legumes, meats, raisins, and whole grain breads. † The more severe exmaples of anemia might require iron by injection, iron given intravenously, or, as a last resort, a blood transfusion may be needed. Understanding the indications of anemia and the preventative measures one can take, may be helpful to many people who can’t comprehend why they are so tired all the time. Anemia is one of the most common and most undiagnosed conditions in America today. Education can make the difference in one who helps themselves, and one who continues to suffer from anemia. Works Cited â€Å"Iron Deficiency Anemia† Google Health https://www. google. com/health/ref/Iron+deficiency+anemia â€Å"Iron Deficiency Anemia† NAAC- National Anemia Action Council January 14, 2009 http://www. anemia. org â€Å"Understanding Anemia, the Basics† WebMD December 14, 2008 http://www. webmd. com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-anemia-basics

How Far Do You Agree with the View That the Limited Appeal?

Mazzini was an important figurehead for the unification of Italy, historians such as Pearce and Stiles state that that ‘no one else campaigned for so long or so tirelessly in the cause of a united Italy'. He had extremely radical and liberal ideas about how Italy should be unified, and some historians Mazzini’s ideal was that Italy should be unified ‘from below’.He wanted the people of Italy to rise up from their high-powered oppressors, while still maintaining the opinion that if monarchs were prepared and wanted to fight against the Austrian domination, then they should be supported and not hindered. He wanted a ‘brotherhood of the people’ to all move toward greater social equality (Denis Mack Smith described him as having ‘contempt for xenophobia and imperialism) so that all of the people of Italy would unite in order to unify their country.Mazzini also stressed that Italy should be unified ‘by its own efforts’, wanting to avoid any outside help- especially from France- in fear that they may just replace one outside domination by another. However, the limited appeal of his ideas were shown when Italy was eventually united and done more-so from above than it was below- he was described as being ‘disgusted’ by this and criticized the new Italian unified state, describing it as a ‘dead corpse’.It could be argued that Italy could have been unified earlier under Mazzini’s watch if it had not been for how his ‘one overriding aim’ distracted from the main goal of a united Italy. It could also be argued, as Robert Pearce details, that Mazzini was ‘absent from Italy’ for such a long and extended period of him (totalling in ‘all over 40 years’) that he became ‘out of touch’ with this situation. This then caused him to over-exaggerate the ‘national identity’ of Italians.This meant that he dis-appreciated the revolut ionary potential of the peasants/ the common people, as he had little to none contact with them and knew little about them. As a result of this blindness, his further attempts to cause unification failed, an example of this is an organised mutiny within the Piedmont that then failed- but the most obvious was the failure of the planned uprising in Naples, in which Mazzini went on the assumption that the peasants were ‘a volcano about to erupt’-whereas this was not the reality of the situation.We can also see examples of his disassociation to the ‘real’ people of Italy in his political society ‘Young Italy’; despite being hailed as ‘Italy’s first real political party’, their membership was extremely limited to well educated, young, middle-class men. It was here that one of Mazzini’s major weaknesses became apparent- that as a result of his ‘complex thinking’ as well as his studies of law and medicine, his i deas became too intellectually advanced for most people to grasp and most certainly too radical for the ‘cautious, middle-class reformers’.This prevented many from joining the cause- leading to failed coups in Piedmont as well as uprisings in Naples and Savoy. His supporters described him as the ‘greatest, bravest, most heroic of Italians'. His deeply radical approach led his political enemies to accuse him of being an ‘enemy of Italy' and a ‘terrorist'. His ideas were of democracy, rights, and equality for all (he even campained for the rights of women, wanting to give them the vote).These ideas were exteremely liberal and were far from limited in the sense that they were not censored or right-wing and they inspired many to the cause. However, his ideas were unrealistic for the times (women would not get the full vote until after World War II), but it was the fact that his ideas were extremely modern and remarkably radical that converted people to Maz zini's idea of a ‘democratic, self-governing state'. This would suggest that his ideas were not limited, but appealing to the people of Italy.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner essays

Burrhus Frederic Skinner essays Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904. His parents were the typical lawyer and housewife. As Skinner went off to college, he received his Bachelors Art Degree in English from Hamilton College. He didnt fit in very well there and decided to write for the school paper. By doing so, he came to the conclusion that his ultimate goal in life would be a writer. He sent off many examples of his poetry and short stories to newspaper articles, which landed him in Greenwich Village in New York City. After some traveling there, he decided to go back to school, this time at Harvard. He got his masters in psychology in 1930 and his doctorate in 1931, and stayed there to do research until 1936. (C. George Boeree, 1998) That same year, Skinner moved to the University of Minnesota and taught there. He met his wife, Yvonne Blue. Together they had two daughters; the second daughter became famous as the first infant in Skinners inventions. This invention was a combination crib/pl aypen with glass sides and air conditioning; some referred to it as a baby in an aquarium. In 1945, Indiana University welcomed the new chairman of the psychology department, Burrhus Skinner. Three years later, he accepted his invitation to Harvard where he stayed the rest of his life. During his stay in Harvard, he wrote many psychology books, including Walden II and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. Skinner had many theories, though his entire system was based on operant conditioning. During this operating, the organism encounters a reinforcing stimulus. This stimulus has the effect of increasing the operant the behavior occurring just before the reinforcer. The behavior is followed by a consequence, and the nature of the consequence modifies the organisms tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. (C. George Boeree, 1998) Skinner is very famous for his Skinner box. He kept a rat...